Concentration camp uniform cap worn by a Polish Jewish prisoner who was in several camps

Herman Fayman (1906-1986) was born in Pelizza Poland (likely Pilica, Poland), to Jewish parents, Moische and Sara (nee Pachter) Fayman. Jewish life in Pilica can be traced back continuously to the end of the 17th century, when the ban on Jewish residence in the town was lifted. The town was a center of Hasidism and had a majority Jewish population. Herman worked as a locksmith and a farmer, and before the war, he was a soldier in Krakow. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The country was quickly occupied, and Herman was among the large portion of Polish soldiers captured as prisoners of war (POWs). He was interned in a POW camp in German-occupied Biała Podlaska, along with 500 other Jewish POWs who arrived in early 1940. From Biała Podlaska, Herman was sent to the town of Sosnowitz (now Sosnowiec), where the Nazi authorities had taken away the Jewish population’s rights and isolated them from the rest of the population and the town’s economic life. In March, 1941, Herman was transported from Sosnowitz to Auschwitz concentration camp. He was placed in the main camp, where prisoners were used as forced laborers to expand the camp complex, which would eventually grow to include Auschwitz-Birkenau and Monowitz. Herman remained in Auschwitz for five months before he was transported a few miles north, to Kattowitz (now Katowice) in September. In 1942, he was sent to Faulbrück forced labor camp, in Faulbrück, (now Mościsko) located in Lower Silesia. Faulbrück was a subcamp in the Gross-Rosen concentration camp system. In the summer of 1944, Herman was sent to a newly constructed forced labor subcamp of Gross-Rosen, in Landeshut (now Kamienna Góra). In the camp, prisoners were forced to manufacture roller and ball bearings. Herman was only in Landeshut for a short time before he was deported to a forced labor camp in Annaberg, Germany (now Góra Swietej Anny, Poland). The prisoners in the Annaberg camp were forced to do carpentry work for Altana carpentry, tailor uniforms for the Rosner Company, and work in the Oderthal-Werke, Graf Schaffgotsch synthetic gasoline factory. Herman was then sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center in German-occupied Poland. Upon entry, Herman’s new prisoner number, B-10640, was tattooed on his left forearm. Based on his prisoner number, Herman arrived in Birkenau after May 1944. He was kept in block 11, a building where prisoners were jailed for offenses such as breaking camp regulations, attempting escape or aiding other prisoner’s escape attempts, suspected sabotage, and contact with civilians. The building also was also used for various types of torture on the prisoners by the guards. On September 30, 1944, Herman was transferred to block 41 in Buchenwald concentration camp. Upon entry, he used the name Hersch Fajmann, claimed his occupation was a hairdresser, and lied about his birthdate to make himself appear younger. He was assigned prisoner number 95636, and was sent to the Niederorschel forced labor camp, a subcamp of Buchenwald, in Niederorschel, Germany. Herman arrived at the subcamp on October 30, with a group of 282 prisoners who had been transferred from Auschwitz. In the camp, the prisoners were forced to work 12 hours days in the Junkers-Werke aircraft factory, making parts for the wings and undercarriages of the Focke-Wulf 190. Herman remained in Niederorschel until 1945. Between the camp’s opening in September 1944, and its evacuation on April 1 and 2, 1945, approximately 130 prisoners escaped, including Herman. Many were aided and hidden by local villagers. Herman hid until the area was liberated by American troops. After the war, Herman was housed in displaced person’s (DP) camps in Holungen and Nordhausen, both in Germany. Later, he lived in a DP camp in Berlin until February 21, 1947, when he boarded the Marine Marlin and immigrated to the United States. He arrived in New York on March 3. On October 25, 1947, Herman married Jennie Hasman in New York.

The cap was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2014 by Anna Krosnecki, the daughter of Herman Fayman.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Anna Krosnecki