Nail recovered from Chelmno killing center

Identifier
irn1091
Language of Description
English
Alt. Identifiers
  • 1989.308.28
Dates
1 Jan 1986 - 31 Dec 1987
Level of Description
Item
Source
EHRI Partner

Extent and Medium

overall: Height: 3.375 inches (8.573 cm) | Width: 3.500 inches (8.89 cm) | Depth: 0.375 inches (0.953 cm)

Archival History

The nail was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1989 by the Muzeum Okręgowe w Koninie.

Acquisition

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Muzeum Okręgowe w Koninie

Scope and Content

Metal nail, likely recovered from a temporary pit furnace at Chelmno killing center in German-occupied Poland, during an archaeological excavation in 1986 and 1987. Killing operations at Chelmno commenced on December 8, 1941. Prisoners were taken to a camp at a manor house (Schlosslager) in the village to undress and relinquish their valuables. They were then loaded into a gas van where they were killed. The van was then driven 2.5 miles northwest of the village to a camp in the Rzuchowski forest (Waldlager), where the bodies were dumped into mass graves. The large number of corpses created a threat of disease and discovery by Allied forces, so the bodies were exhumed and burned in seven primitive pit furnaces. In the fall of 1942, the furnaces were replaced with two open-air crematoria consisting of concrete foundations topped by a grate of train rails. In March 1943, transports to Chelmno stopped, and the manor house and open-air crematoria in the forest were demolished. Deportations to Chelmno resumed from June to July 1944, to facilitate the liquidation of the Łódź ghetto. In this second phase, the entire killing process was carried out in the forest camp (Waldlager), necessitating the construction of new buildings. The Germans abandoned the camp on January 17, 1945, having killed over 172,000 people. The excavations of 1986-87, and later work have identified additional furnaces, crematoria, and mass graves at the site.

Conditions Governing Access

No restrictions on access

Conditions Governing Reproduction

No restrictions on use

Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements

Dark gray, iron nail bent in a 90-degree angle at the center. The nail has a round head and a square shank that tapers to a sharp point at the tip. The bottom half of the nail has slight brown and white rust. At the bent center, the original surface has partially flaked off, and the top portion of the nail is missing the original surface entirely. The edges of the head are bent and uneven, and the head and the top portion of the shank are covered in a heavy orange-brown corrosion.

Bottom, side of shank, handwritten, black ink : CHO 25

Corporate Bodies

Subjects

Genre

This description is derived directly from structured data provided to EHRI by a partner institution. This collection holding institution considers this description as an accurate reflection of the archival holdings to which it refers at the moment of data transfer.