Rusted, bent metal shoehorn recovered from Chelmno killing center
Extent and Medium
overall: Height: 0.875 inches (2.223 cm) | Width: 2.500 inches (6.35 cm) | Depth: 2.500 inches (6.35 cm)
Archival History
The shoehorn was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1989 by the Muzeum Okręgowe w Koninie.
Acquisition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Muzeum Okręgowe w Koninie
Scope and Content
Metal shoehorn, likely recovered from a temporary pit furnace at Chelmno killing center in German-occupied Poland, during an archaeological excavation in 1986 and 1987. Killing operations at Chelmno commenced on December 8, 1941. Prisoners were taken to a camp at a manor house (Schlosslager) in the village to undress and relinquish their valuables. They were then loaded into a gas van where they were killed. The van was then driven 2.5 miles northwest of the village to a camp in the Rzuchowski forest (Waldlager), where the bodies were dumped into mass graves. The large number of corpses created a threat of disease and discovery by Allied forces, so the bodies were exhumed and burned in seven primitive pit furnaces. In the fall of 1942, the furnaces were replaced with two open-air crematoria consisting of concrete foundations topped by a grate of train rails. In March 1943, transports to Chelmno stopped, and the manor house and open-air crematoria in the forest were demolished. Deportations to Chelmno resumed from June to July 1944, to facilitate the liquidation of the Łódź ghetto. In this second phase, the entire killing process was carried out in the forest camp (Waldlager), necessitating the construction of new buildings. The Germans abandoned the camp on January 17, 1945, having killed over 172,000 people. The excavations of 1986-87, and later work have identified additional furnaces, crematoria, and mass graves at the site.
Conditions Governing Access
No restrictions on access
Conditions Governing Reproduction
No restrictions on use
Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements
Flat, oblong piece of corroded metal that has bent back upon itself. The top end is rounded with a circle cutout, forming the handle. The handle tapers slightly and then flares out to a rounded bottom end. The shoehorn is folded over near the middle and is entirely covered in rust, obscuring the original surface.
Corporate Bodies
- Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei. Schutzstaffel
- Chelmno (Concentration camp)
Subjects
- Execution sites--Excavation--Material culture.
- Archaeology and history.
- Genocide.
- Crematoriums--Poland.
- Executions and executioners--Poland--History.
- Chełmno (Koło, Poland)
- Exhumation--Cremation--Poland.
- Rzuchowa (Poland)
- Gas vans (Gas chambers)--Poland.
- World War, 1939-1945--Occupied territories.
- Mass burials--Poland.
Genre
- Personal Equipment and Supplies
- Dressing & grooming equipment.
- Object