Schulder and Sons furrier’s knife brought with an Austrian Jewish refugee

Isidor Muschel was born on August 26, 1907, in Vienna, Austro-Hungary, to a Jewish couple Ruben and Theresa Guensberger Muschel. Isidor had 4 brothers and one other sibling: Lazar (1905-2001), Edmund (1909 – 1999), Wilhelm (1911 – 2000), and Josef (1913 – 1997). Isidor’s father, Ruben, was a successful businessman. The Muschel family lived comfortably and were very religious. Increasing anti-Semitic sentiment and new restrictions in Austria made it difficult for Jews to further their studies at universities. Isidor had intended to go into business like his father, but knew that wouldn’t happen without more schooling, so he decided to learn a trade. In 1921, 14 year old Isidor became an apprentice in a furrier’s shop and began attending furrier school. He attended school for 3 years, and in July 1924, he earned the title master furrier and a diploma from the Association of Furriers in Vienna. Isidor knew about all types of fur, how to handle them, and the best way to construct clothing from them. These skills combined with his specialized fur sewing machine allowed him to become a successful fur designer. Isidor also joined a Jewish group for young adults and became friends with Ida Rubel. Later, Isidor married Ida, who was born on May 9, 1912, in Bojan, Romania (Boiany, Ukraine), to Avraham and Rosa Lindner Rubel. In early 1938, Isidor and Ida’s daughter, Dorit (later Doris “Dee” Schwartz,) was born in Vienna. Germany annexed Austria on March 13, in what became known as the "Anschluss." Anti-Jewish policies that stripped Austrian Jews of their rights were quickly enacted. Isidor and Ida decided that they needed to leave the country. One day, Nazis pulled Isidor out into the street, ordered him to sweep the ground, and publically humiliated him. On another occasion, a German officer arrested Isidor and took him to a train station to be deported. The officer left Isidor sitting on a bench there when he went to use the restroom, telling him to wait until he returned. Isidor ignored the command and left. Another day, soldiers invaded the Muschel home and took whatever things they wanted, including a baby grand piano. These incidents increased Isidor’s desire to get his family to the United States, but there were many obstacles barring their escape. These included the need for an American to sponsor their immigration and German emigration quotas for foreign born Jews, like his Romanian wife. The first solution came when a postcard from the US fell out of a prayer book that Ida’s widowed mother, Rosa, was reading. The card was from Mr. Myro Glass, a young man whose music school education she had sponsored many years ago. He had moved to the US and was a cantor at a temple in Indianapolis, Indiana. In a letter, Rosa asked Myro to help the Muschel family. He responded and arranged for Mr. Herbert Davidson, the president of the Indiana Fur Company, to sponsor Isidor and his family. Ida didn’t want to go because many of her family members would be left behind. Isidor was also worried about leaving behind his parents and siblings, but insisted that they leave. Sponsorship allowed the family to enter the US, but they needed to find a way to be allowed out of Austria first. The German quota restricting Romanian emigration made it difficult for Ida to leave. She got lucky when a sympathetic officer listed her status as Dorit’s nurse, rather than her mother so she could avoid being identified as Romanian. Isidor’s last concern was how to get his family and some possessions out of the country. There were many regulations surrounding what possessions could be removed from German territory, and Isidor had to carefully select what they would take and ensure that he had all of the paperwork required to ship those possessions separately. In mid-September Isidor began working with a shipping and warehousing agency, Dr. Franz Reitter, to complete all necessary paperwork. He signed documents stating that the property he was taking had been used by him in Vienna and that it included no precious metals, means of payment, or merchandise for resale. He also filed a 1 month tax clearance certificate and address verification form with the proper German and American authorities. The shipping company managed the inventoried lists of the Muschel’s possessions, which consisted of a crate for the sewing machine and 2 crates of clothing and household goods, which were listed on 80 separate lines, itemized down to the number of men’s socks and women’s undergarments. In mid-October, the Muschel family missed one of several trains they were scheduled to take to the Netherlands to board their ship. They were still able to arrive in time to board, and later learned that everyone on the train they had missed had been shot by Nazis. On October 29, 1938, Isidor, his wife Ida, and their young daughter, Dorit, boarded the SS Pennland in Vlissingen, Netherlands, and sailed to the United States. They landed in New York City, New York, on November 8, and boarded a train to Indianapolis. Their crated possessions were later sent aboard the SS Westernland, arriving on November 22. The crates were held up by customs, which needed a notarized document and a fee to release them. After several months and several letters, the family’s few possessions, including the sewing machine and Shabbat candlesticks, arrived in Indiana on January 16, 1939. Isidor was offered a position with his sponsor’s fur company and also took in piecework, which he worked on in his free time to make extra money. Rosa, Isidor’s mother-in-law, was also able to emigrate and eventually joined Isidor, Ida, and Dorit. Isidor helped his brothers immigrate to the US. On May 14, 1939, Edmund and Wilhelm boarded the SS Nieuw Amsterdam in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Both men had been arrested during the Kristallnacht pogrom on November 9 and 10, 1938, and were deported to Dachau concentration camp in German-occupied Poland, where they were issued prisoner numbers 25851 and 25852. They were later released, likely when they promised to emigrate. On May 27, Lazar followed his brothers from Rotterdam aboard the SS Zaandam. On January 21, 1940, Josef boarded the SS Westernland in Antwerp, Belgium. Isidor’s brothers settled in New York City: Lazar as a spring maker in a factory, Edmund as a men’s hat blocker, Wilhelm as a ladies clothing cutter’s assistant, and Josef as a clothing factory handyman. Isidor’s parents, Ruben and Theresa, fifth sibling, and members of his extended family were likely deported to concentration camps and perished in the Holocaust. Isidor, became known locally as a talented and respected fur mechanic and joined the staff in the fur design and repair salon at the William H. Block Co. Department Store, and later at the F. & R. Lazarus & Co. Department Store. Ida worked in the billing department at the H.P. Wasson Department Store in Indianapolis. Later, she moved to the billing department at the L.S. Ayers Department Store in Glendale. On December 26, 1960, Doris married Sanford Schwartz and the couple had three children. After leaving the department stores, Isidor returned to working for Mr. Davidson part-time. He retired at the age of 88. Isidor, age 90, died on May 22, 1998, in Indianapolis, Indiana. Ida, age 92, died on October 7, 2004, in Indianapolis.

The fur knife was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2006 by Doris Muschel Schwartz, the daughter of Isidor Muschel.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Doris Muschel Schwartz, in memory of her parents, Isidor and Ida Muschel

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.