Republic of Czechoslovakia, paper currency, 50 korun note owned by a Hungarian Jewish former concentration camp inmate

Ladislav Glattstein (later Larry Gladstone) was born on September 26, 1922, in Vysna Kamenica, Czechoslovakia, (now Slovakia), the only son of Julius, born 1884, and Anna Blaugrund Glattstein. He was born in the same house where his great-grandfather was born in 1828. His father’s family was Jewish Orthodox and prosperous from forestry, livestock, and farming. Julius was an innkeeper and teacher, and a World War I veteran. His only brother left for America after that war. Anna had six brothers: Joe, b. 1884, and Herman, Max, Sigmund, David, b. 1903, and Maurice, b. 1907. One brother immigrated to El Paso, Texas, in 1903. The others joined him and they operated several retail furniture stores. Ladislav had two sisters: Edith, born November 11, 1924, and Klari, born in 1929. Around 1930, they moved from their small village where they were the only Jews, to Mukacevo (now Mukacheve, Ukraine), partly for its educational opportunities. Ladislav attended a Zionist oriented school, taught all in Hebrew. His main language was Slovak, but he was fluent in German and Hungarian. His father taught religion in the public schools where it was a required subject. In 1938, Ladislav’s grandparents, Ignatz (Isaac) and Hany (Chaya) Ungar Blaugrund, left for El Paso. Ladislav’s mother Anna died in 1938 after a long illness. In September 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, and Hungary annexed the Supcarpathian Rus, which included Mukacevo. Hungary had anti-Jewish laws similar to the Nuremberg racial laws of its close ally, Nazi Germany. By 1940, when Ladislav graduated high school, Jews could not attend university and he began tutoring in Hebrew, Latin, and math. Jewish males were not accepted into the army, but many were conscripted into forced labor battalions, which were controlled by the army. In summer 1941, Hungary joined in the German invasion of the Soviet Union. By 1943, Ladislav was in a forced labor battalion, digging ditches for communication cables and repairing bomb damaged roads at Nagybanya (Baia-Mare) labor camp. In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary. Ladislav continued to receive frequent postcards from his father, often mailed by sympathetic German neighbor. His father told him about the invasion and that the family had been moved to a ghetto. The postcards stopped in early May 1944. Ladislav’s labor battalion was shipped to a small empty town called Dolina in southern Poland, now Ukraine. He asked a German soldier what happened to everyone and was told that they were Jews, so we shot them. Their rations were cut to starvation level: a cup of coffee, a slice of bread, watery soup. Ladislav contracted pneumonia and a Hungarian doctor put him in a military hospital where he was cured and got three meals a day. The Germans were retreating from Soviet territory and there were frequent artillery barrages as the Soviets advanced. The labor battalion was shipped back to Hungary that summer and put under the control of the German SS. They then began a death march to the Austrian border and many were beat or shot along the way. At one point, they were locked into a boxcar with no food and water for five days. Around September, they reached Balf slave labor camp. It was bitterly cold and they worked digging deep anti-tank trenches. Ladislav found a pair of felt lined, wooden shoes, which kept his feet from freezing and developing gangrene, which happened to those with leather shoes, who were then shot. Ladislav contracted louse born typhus fever and hid in a stable for many days. When he emerged, he saw American bombers flying above. In January 1945, they went on another death march to Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria where they worked in a rock quarry. Conditions were even worse There were no fields to scrounge for food and everywhere you looked, there were corpses lying on the ground. As Ladislav later testified: “If a bullet didn’t get you, the cold, filth, hunger, and disease would.” In March, he was sent on a death march to Gunskirchen, a Mauthausen subcamp concealed in the forest near Lambach. Ladislav was part of the crew digging mass graves for the hundreds of dead and soon to be dead. One day as he was digging, a Sherman tank broke through the gate and American soldiers told them they were free. This was the US Third Army and it was May 5, 1945. Ladislav asked the Americans how they found the camp and was told that they could smell it while miles away. Ladislav went to Vienna and then to Prague in July 1945. He visited Mukachevo in August and was told by the people’s living in his family’s home that it was not his house anymore, and he should leave, or else. He enrolled in Charles University while working in a repatriation camp. Ladislav’s uncles David and Sigmund sponsored his visa application and sent money for a plane ticket from Paris to El Paso, Texas. His sister Edith, whom Ladislav thought had died at Bergen Belsen, contacted the family in Texas in October 1945. When Edith, Klari, and his father arrived at Auschwitz, she and Klari were selected for labor. His father was killed in the gas chambers. Klari got a rash a few weeks later and was sent to the gas chambers. Edith was sent in October to a slave labor camp in Schlesien. In January 1945, she was transported to Bergen Belsen and liberated in April by British forces. She spent several years recovering from tuberculosis in Sweden and came to El Paso in 1948. She later married Leo Schwartz and had three children. Ladislav reached El Paso in June 1946. He entered the pre-medical program at the College of Mines, and attended Southwestern Medical School in 1948, specializing in internal medicine. When he became a citizen in 1952, he Americanized his name to Larry Gladstone. In 1953, Larry married Beatrice Marcus and they had three children. After serving in the Army Medical Corps, he began his successful medical career in 1958 in El Paso, and retired in 1992. Larry, 87, passed away on June 4, 2010, in El Paso.

The bank note was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2012 by Stuart Blaugrund and Cynthia Gladstone.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the family of Larry A. Gladstone, M.D.

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.