Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp scrip, 50 kronen note, owned by a German Jewish survivor

Gerhard Maschkowski was born on May 19, 1925 in Elbing, Germany, (now Elbląg, Poland) to Jewish parents, Arthur and Herta Imber Maschkowski. Arthur was born on January 5, 1895, in Gross-Statsin. He served in the German military during World War I (1914-1918), and was injured and lost both eyes. Herta was born on August 16, 1896, in Thorn, Germany. Arthur, and sometimes Herta, worked as a typist for a copy service. Gerhard had an older brother, Siegfried, born on August 23, 1922, in Danzig.. In 1933, the Nazi dictatorship took control of Germany. Policies to persecute the Jewish population were implemented across Germany. On November 9-10, 1938, Kristallnacht, Gerhard saw Jewish stores looted and burned. He was beaten up in school for being Jewish and then no longer allowed to attend. In 1939, Siegfried left for Palestine. Gerhard’s parents sent him to an agricultural school in Ahlem, supposedly to learn skills to emigrate. But soon after he arrived, Gerhard and the other students were taken to Jessen-Mühle labor camp near Sommerfeld (Lubsko, Poland) to do agricultural and civic forced labor. The farm work was hard but they were well fed. In May 1941, they were transferred to Neuendorf labor camp near Berlin where they dug ditches and graves and did road construction for the city. On April 8, 1943, Gerhard was taken by the Gestapo and sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, arriving there on April 20, 1943. He was shaved, tattooed, and given five items: prisoner uniform cap, jacket, pants, a bowl, and a spoon. Gerhard was selected for forced labor and sent to Auschwitz III - Monowitz (Buna) concentration camp. He was assigned to a work detail for an IG Farben factory, first digging ditches and laying cement. With assistance from kapos, who helped fellow Zionists like Gerhard, he got into the electrician detail, laying cable. He learned to ignore the atrocities such as hangings that were normal parts of camp life. Speaking German was an advantage, which helped keep him on the factory detail. As people died, new ones arrived to take their place. Gerhard was able to earn extra food for cleaning the block leader's area. He sometimes had items to trade with other inmates and he formed a friendship with a fellow prisoner Freddy Diamant, who got food for Gerhard and two friends, Benjamin Fengersch and Elie Hyman. In late 1944, the bombings began near the camp. In January 1945, Soviet forces were approaching and the Germans emptied the camp, sending the prisoners on a four month long death march. Except for a brief stay circa late January in Gleiwitz concentration camp, his group was led from place to place throughout Germany and Czechoslovakia. They were kept moving, either on foot or on a coal train. If you stumbled, you were shot. At one point when it was snowing, they were put in a mine shaft. As the air ran out, people would run outside and were shot. Gerhard and his friends stayed in the back, mouths to the ground, pulling oxygen from the earth. Gerhard became numb with cold, but his friends kept him from freezing to death. In late April 1945, he was liberated during the march by the Red Army near Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). Gerhard weighed only seventy pounds and could not walk. He was placed in a Catholic hospital and cared for by nuns. During the several months long recovery, Gerhard befriended a Russian soldier, who showed him stores of food the German occupying forces of Breslau had gathered. Gerhard arranged for much of the food to be transferred to the hospital. After his recovery, Gerhard got a letter telling him that his parents had survived. They had been deported in December 1942 to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp in German occupied Czechoslovakia because of Arthur’s special status as a wounded war veteran. The camp was liberated in May 1945. The family reunited and lived in Deggendorf displaced persons camp in Germany. While at Deggendorf, Gerhard met his future wife, Ursula Naumann. Ursula was born in Berlin on December 26, 1925, to a Catholic father and a Jewish mother, Margarete. The whole family was considered Jewish. Margarete, Ursula, and Ursula’s sister Hannelore were interned in Theresienstadt. Their father was deported to Auschwitz, where he perished. In March 1947, Gerhard and Ursula emigrated to the United States aboard the Marine Marlin. They married on May 27, 1947, in the morning before going to work. Margarete and Hannelore joined them in September. Gerhard's parents remained in Germany. Gerhard and Ursula moved to Florida, where Gerhard opened an auto repair shop. They had a daughter and two sons. In 1979, the couple settled in California. Ursula, 80, passed away in April 2005.

Franz Peter Kien was born January 1, 1919, in Varnsdorf, Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic), to Leonard and Olga Frankl Kien. His father Leonard was born in 1886, in Varnsdorf, and was a member of the German-speaking Jewish population in the, the Sudetenalnd, which bordered Germany. Leonard was a textile manufacturer with his own factory. Peter’s mother Olga was born in 1898, in Bzenec, Austro-Hungary (Czech Republic), to Jewish parents. After 1929, the Kien family moved to Brno. Peter enrolled at the German Gymnasium, where he excelled at drawing, painting, and writing. In 1936, he graduated and moved to Prague to study at the Academy of Fine Arts. He also attended the Officina Pragensis, a private graphic design school run by a well-known Jewish artist, Hugo Steiner-Prag. On September 29, 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland. On March 15, 1939, Germany invaded Prague and annexed the Bohemia and Moravia provinces of Czechoslovakia, ruled by a Reich Protector. Jews were banned from participation in government, businesses, and organization, including schools. Peter had to leave the Academy, but continued to study at the Officina Pragensis. He also taught at Vinohrady Synagogue. In September 1940, Peter married Ilse Stranska, who was born on May 9, 1915, in Pilsen, to Jewish parents. In late September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the SS head of RSHA, Reich Main Security Office, became Reich Protector. Soon there were regular deportations of Jews to concentration camps. At the end of November, Theresienstadt concentration and transit camp near Prague got its first shipment of Jewish prisoners. On December 14, Peter was transported to Theresienstadt ghetto-labor camp. He was assigned to the technical department where he worked as a draftsman and designer alongside other artists, including Bedrich Fritta, Leo Haas, and Jiri Lauscher. On July 16, 1942, Peter’s wife Ilse arrived in the camp. On January 30, 1943, Peter’s parents Leonard and Olga were transported from Bzenec to Terezin. Peter was assigned major projects by the Jewish Council that administered the camp for the Germans, such as the scrip receipts used in place of money in the camp. He secretly documented the inmate’s daily life, creating portraits and other drawings, and wrote plays, poems, and an operatic libretto. On October 16, 1944, Peter’s wife Ilse and his parents Leonard and Olga were selected for deportation. Peter volunteered to go with them. Before leaving, Peter and his family were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. Peter survived the selection process, soon fell ill, likely with typhus, and died at age 25 in late October 1944. His wife and parents were killed at Auschwitz. Some of the work that Peter left with other prisoners or hid at Theresienstadt survived and has been exhibited worldwide.

The Theresienstadt scrip was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2013 by Gerhard Maschkowski.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Gerhard Maschkowski

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.