Courtroom portraits of Rudolph Hess and Wilhelm Keitel created during the Trial of German Major War Criminals at Nuremberg

Edward (Ed) Joseph Vebell was born on May 25, 1921, in Chicago, Illinois, to Joseph and Helen Rubeckas Vebell. His father was born in 1888 in Pasvitinys, Lithuania. His mother was born in 1897, also so Lithuania. He had two sisters. Edward’s talent for drawing was recognized at an early age and, as a teenager, he attended the Harrison Art School. By the age of eighteen, he was working as an illustrator. On graduating high school, he won scholarships to 3 art schools in Chicago, and he later studied in Paris, France. In December 1941, when the United States entered World War II, Edward was working as a commercial artist in Chicago, creating illustrations for the catalog companies Sears and Montgomery Ward. Edward was drafted into the US Army on October 24, 1942. He was deployed to Casablanca in North Africa with the 904 Camouflage Engineers, where he painted desert camouflage on Army equipment. In February 1943, the Army newspaper Stars and Stripes opened an office in Algiers. Edward was transferred there as the first staff illustrator. A few months later, the paper added Stan Meltzoff and Bill Mauldin. Edward worked as a combat artist and correspondent and beginning in late 1943/1944, also did illustrations for Yank, a magazine published by and for enlisted men. Edward learned to capture the battles in ink and pencil on the job: “To be a good combat artist, you have to stand up and face in the enemy's direction. You can't do that for very long, or you'll be dead.” He was influenced by photography, but felt that drawing allowed him to impart a searching personal quality to the image. His assignments included frontline sketching in Italy for six months during the spring 1944 Monte Cassino campaign, with French troops in the Alps, and with French resistance fighters in the Pyrenees. He was sketching Russian forces a few days after the May 2, 1945, fall of Berlin. Germany surrendered on May 7. Edward then was based in Paris where he began doing freelance work for several French publications. On December 17, 1942, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union had issued a joint declaration resolving to prosecute those responsible for the mass murder of European Jewry. Six and a half months after the war ended, the Trial of German Major War Criminals before the International Military tribunal opened in Nuremberg on November 20, 1945. Edward was assigned by Stars and Stripes to create courtroom sketches at the trial. For three days, he sat in the press gallery and used binoculars to focus on the faces of the defendants, including Rudolf Hess and Hermann Goering. The field glasses reversed the images, which was an annoyance, but bearable for the detail they provided. Edward sketched directly in fountain pen, from right to left, using a moistened thumb to create tonal values. He did 90% of his drawing in the courtroom, seeking to bring intimacy to the historical proceedings. Ten drawing were published in the December 9, 1945, European issue of Stars and Stripes, his last assignment. After his discharge from the military in late 1945, Edward established a commercial studio in Paris. He returned to the US in 1947 and continued his career as a commercial artist. His illustrations have appeared in books and periodicals, and clients have included Reader’s Digest, Life, Time, and Sports Illustrated. Edward also created murals for the National Park Service and sixteen stamps for the US Postal Service. He was especially sought after for his historical works, with their knowledgeable attention to detail and accuracy. Vebell also had an exceptional competitive fencing career. He was an international champion and member of the 1952 US Olympic team, and was named to the US Fencing Hall of Fame in 2014. He was married for nearly sixty years to Elsa Cerra (1926-2004), with whom he settled in Westport, Ct., and had three daughters.

Rudolf Hess was born as Walter Richard Rudolf Hess on April 26, 1894, in Alexandria, Egypt. His father was a merchant. Hess served in the German Army in World War I (1914-1918) He then studied at the University of Munich, where he became an advocate of extremist German nationalism. Hess joined the Nazi (National Socialist) Party in 1920. He quickly became a close friend and confidant of Adolf Hitler. He participated in the 1923 Munich Beer Hall Putsch where the Nazis attempted to overthrow the Weimar government. He fled to Austria but returned to join Hitler in Landsberg Prison, where he recorded and helped draft Mein Kampf. Hess became Hitler's personal secretary and worked to centralize the Nazi Party structure. On January 1, 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. In April, Hess was made deputy fuhrer of the Party and, in December, he became a cabinet member. In 1939, Hitler made Hess second to Goering in the line of succession. On May 10, 1941, Hess secretly flew to Scotland with the intent of making peace between Germany and Great Britain. He was arrested and jailed by the British as a prisoner of war. Hitler accused him of suffering from pacifist delusions. On May 7, 1945, the war ended with Germany's surrender. The United Nations soon convened an International Military Tribunal (IMT) to prosecute those responsible for violence to the civilian population, evidenced by the Holocaust. The IMT was convened by eighteen Allied Nations and conducted by the four major powers, the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Hess was one of 22 defendants charged with crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and conspiracy to commit these crimes, for the first trial, the Major German War Criminals Trial. It began in Nuremberg on November 20, 1945. Hess feigned amnesia and did not take the stand. The verdicts were delivered on October 1, 1946. Twelve defendants were sentenced to death. Hess was sentenced to life imprisonment and confined in Spandau prison in Berlin. From 1966 on, he was the only inmate. Hess, 93, committed suicide on August 17, 1987, in Spandau.

The drawing was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2003 by Sheila C. Johnson.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Sheila C. Johnson

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.