Roma documents from the Otto Pankok Museum, Düsseldorf

Otto Pankok was born on June 6, 1893, in Saarn near Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, to Dr. Eduard and Marie Spring Pankok. Otto had an older brother, Adolf. His father had a medical practice. He graduated from the state school in 1912. Otto studied art at several school, the Academy of Fine Arts in Dusseldorf, the School of Fine Arts in Weimar and then went to Paris, where he attended the Academie Russe and the Academie de la grande Chaumière. When war broke out in 1914, Otto was conscripted into the Germany Army. He was wounded in a blast early in the war, hospitalized for months, and released from service in April 1917. The war ended in 1918. The next year, Otto moved to Berlin, then to Remels with his friend and fellow artist, Gert Wollheim. In 1920, both men moved to Dusseldorf. They worked with other artists, including Max Ernst, Otto Dix, Karl Schwesig, and Adolf Uzarski, as part of an avant garde group of intellectuals and artists known as Das Junge Rheinland [Young Rhineland]. They joined the Aktivisten-bund [Activist League] and were among the artists promoted by art dealer Johanna Ey (Mutter Ey), who exhibited their work in her gallery. In 1921, he married Hulda Droste, a journalist. Their daughter Eva was born on July 14, 1925. Pankok and the others sought an artistic language that was more modern and truthful, unconnected with existing social customs and structures. Pankok developed a monochromatic style, relying on strong, expressive lines and forceful composition. Pankok first worked primarily as a painter and printmaker, but in the late 1920s, he began creating sculptural work. Between 1927 and 1929, he traveled to Italy, southern France, Spain and Holland, and produced a series, Lithos. He achieved fame in 1930, for Stern and Blume [Star and Flower], a series of 130 works. His works were deeply influenced by his idol Vincent van Gogh, and his style was referred to as expressive realism. Around the same time, fascinated by the itinerant life led by Roma and Sinti, Pankok visited a number of Roma encampments in France and Germany. In 1931, he worked in an unemployment colony in Heinefeld, near Dusseldorf, where Sinti also camped. In October he created his first works in his Sinti cycle; a series of portraits of Sinti were exhibited in 1932 at the Dusseldorf Kunsthalle. In 1932, he began work on a cycle of sixty drawings, Die Passion. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Under the Nazi regime, art and culture had to serve to promote Nazi ideology. In September, Hitler announced that it was time for a new, pure German art. Modern art was denounced as degenerate, a tool of the international Jewish conspiracy. A few works from Pankok's Passion cycle were displayed in 1933. It reimagined the Passion of Christ in a national socialist state, with Communists, Jews, Roma, and artists as the pure and good, and the Gestapo and other Nazis as the evil and fallen. It was soon shut down by the government. In 1935, Pankok was investigated by the Gestapo after a house servant denounced him. In 1936, the book "Die Passion in 60 Bilder von Otto Pankok" was published by Gustav Kiepenheuer, Berlin. Pankok was designated a degenerate artist and forbidden to work as an artist. His works were removed from museums and one of his Sinti lithographs, Hoto II, was included in the 1937 Entartete Kunst [Degenerate Art] exhibition. In spite of this, Pankok worked in secret to create work depicting Jews, Roma, and others who suffered under the Nazi regime in drawings and prints. The family tried but were not able to leave for Switzerland. He hid many of his works with friends. They relocated to Eifel near the Belgian border where they were not so aggressively persecuted. The Second World War (1939-1945) ended in May 1945 when Nazi Germany was defeated by the Allied powers. In 1946, Pankok moved from Eifel back to Dusseldorf. From 1947-1958, he was a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts there. He traveled often to France and Yugoslavia. After leaving the Academy, Pankok to Haus Esselt at Drevenack on the Lower Rhine, where he again began to work intensively with wood carvings. Pankok, 73, passed away on October 10, 1966, in Wesel. Today Haus Esselt houses the Otto Pankok Museum.

Otto Pankok Museum Archives

The materials were copied from the holdings of the Otto Pankok Museum Archives in Düsseldorf, Germany, ca. 1987. They were donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum via Dr. Püz