Autobiographical painting by David Friedman of a woman in a brown dress resting on a bed

David Friedmann was born on December 20, 1893, in Mahrisch Ostrau (Ostrava, Czech Republic), part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the son of Heinrich, a tinsmith, born in 1864 in Kobiernice, and Sophie Rosenblum, born in 1856 in Czaniec. He lived in a modest home with three surviving siblings: Marie, born in 1888, Adolf, born in 1895, and Isidor, born in 1897. In 1911, Friedmann moved to Berlin where he studied etching with Hermann Struck and painting with Lovis Corinth. During World War One, Friedmann served from 1917-1918 in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was decorated for his work as a combat artist, creating sketches on the frontlines. Following his return to Berlin, Friedmann exhibited at numerous galleries throughout Germany and Czechoslovakia. He achieved acclaim as a painter known for his portraits drawn from life. In 1924, his quick-sketching talent resulted in a secondary career as a freelance press artist for Berlin newspapers and other publications. When Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, Friedmann's prewar career ended. As a Jew, he was prohibited from showing his work and had to close his studio. He was able to make a living painting apartments and renovating buildings, which was permitted because of his Czechoslovak citizenship. In 1937, he married Mathilde Fuchs, born October 17, 1901, and they had a daughter, Mirjam Helene, born September 23, 1938. After the Kristallnacht pogrom on November 9-10 1938, Friedmann and his wife, with their infant child, fled from Berlin to Prague. On March 15, 1939, German forces marched into Prague and annexed the region to the Third Reich. Friedmann created portraits of the governing officials and leading members of the Jewish Community of Prague, such as Jakob Edelstein and František Zelenka. On October 16, 1941, Friedmann and his family were deported on the first transport from Prague to the Łódź Ghetto, renamed Litzmannstadt, in German occupied Poland. The Germans controlled the large Ghetto population with tactics such as the public execution by hanging of 18 Jews who tried to escape, a scene witnessed by Friedmann and his family. All Ghetto residents had to work to receive food rations, but death due to starvation and disease were the norm. Friedmann worked in Metall II designing jewelry, cigarette cases, and badges. He also sketched portraits of the leaders in exchange for provisions; otherwise the family would have perished. He created a series of artworks to document their fate and the infernal life in the Ghetto. He also contributed to the “The Chronicle of the Łódź Ghetto 1941-1944” kept by the Jewish Council. During the evacuation of the Łódź Ghetto in late August 1944, Friedmann was separated from his family. He was sent, by train on August 29, to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, where his wife and daughter were murdered. Upon his arrival, on September 2, Friedmann’s arm was tattooed with prisoner No. B-8600. He brought some artwork to show he was an artist, but it had to be discarded upon arrival in Birkenau. Laborers with special skills had a better chance of being sent to labor camps. Artists were not needed, but one day there was a call for musicians. Friedmann passed the audition and was sent to subcamp Gleiwitz I. There he had to compete as a violinist with concert masters, but he wasn't chosen and thus in danger. He painted a mural across the barracks wall that impressed the SS officers and his life was saved. Even though he was forced to create portraits of his persecutors, Friedmann saw his art as a form of resistance that diminished the power of evil and gave him the will to survive. Conditions in the camp were brutal. Meals were a single bowl of watery soup shared by two or three men. Inmates were often beaten, the sick were shipped to Birkenau death camp, and random executions were frequent. On Sundays, inmates had to carry 25 pounds of bricks for three miles. If anyone fell, the guards beat them with their rifles until they got up and finished. These scenes were carved into his memory to tear out at a later time and express in his art. After the Soviets mounted a winter offensive, the camp was evacuated on January 18, 1945. Inmates were forced on a death march to Blechhammer concentration camp. By the end of the march, Friedmann was unable to walk and reached the camp with the aid of the French doctor, Ohrenstein, and two Gruenberger brothers from Slovakia. Friedmann was liberated from Blechhammer by the Soviet Red Army on January 25, 1945. None of his family survived. His brother, Adolf, who was married to a non-Jew, Kaethe Niesler, died under suspicious circumstances in a Catholic hospital in Berlin on June 29, 1941. His father had died before the war in 1935. His mother died of starvation on December 11, 1941, in the Ostrava Jewish Home for the Aged. Isidor, his wife Sali, and their two children were deported to Theresienstadt, then to Treblinka, and murdered October 10, 1942. Marie and her husband Eisig Feuer were deported to Theresienstadt, then Treblinka and murdered October 7, 1942. The responsibility of bearing witness weighed heavily on Friedmann's conscience, even before his liberation. Upon returning to Prague, he painted the scenes that haunted his memories to bear witness and give voice to those who could not be heard, creating more than 100 artworks. From January 1946, he had exhibitions featuring his Holocaust themed work in Czechoslovakia, as well as in Palestine. He brought the exhibition to Western Bohemia, where the Germans were still living, and toured through several towns in the former Sudetenland. All German nationals were forced to view his work and pay admission; otherwise they would not receive their ration cards. In 1948, he married Hildegard Taussig, born in Berlin on April 6, 1921, a survivor of several concentration camps. The couple fled to Israel in 1949 because of the Stalinist policies of the Communist government and the increasing anti-Semitism. Friedmann defied an export prohibition and bribed a customs inspector in order to ship his artwork out of the country. In 1954, the couple immigrated to New York with their daughter, also named Miriam. Friedman embarked on a successful career in commercial art with General Outdoor Advertising Company Inc., and settled in St. Louis, Missouri. The family became U.S. citizens and Americanized their surname to one “n”. After retirement in 1962, Friedman returned to his art to show the world the persecution, torment, and agony inflicted by the Nazis. A series of paintings, drawings and etchings entitled, "Because They Were Jews!" became the first art collection to be accepted into the collection of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He never ceased to bear witness about the Holocaust. Friedman died at the age of 86, on February 27, 1980, in St. Louis, Missouri.

Hildegard (Hilde/Hilda) Taussig was born April 6, 1921, in Berlin, Germany. Her father, Karl Taussig, was born in Beroun, Czechoslovakia, September 17, 1888, and her mother, Irma Taussig, née Taussig, was born April 20, 1889 in Prague. The couple married in 1914 and moved to Berlin where Karl worked as a chemical engineer. Hilde had a fraternal twin sister, Ingeborg (Inge), and an older sister, Else, born June 6, 1916. The family moved to Gleiwitz in 1927. Her father continued his career as a chemical engineer. The twins were inseparable and the family enjoyed a comfortable home life. After Hitler assumed power January 30, 1933, anti-Jewish policies were put in place in Germany. The sisters were subjected to constant humiliations by teachers and students for being Jewish and came home crying daily. Their father finally withdrew the twins from school. Karl was forced to give up his position because he felt threatened at work. On April 4, 1935, the family fled to Prague. It was difficult to make a living there, but Karl found work in a lab. The twins attended trade school to learn Czech, sewing, and cooking, instead of academics. On March 15, 1939, Germany occupied Prague. Else left for Palestine illegally and reached Haifa via the S.S. Sakarya on February 13, 1940. The persecution of Jews intensified. Karl lost his job and gave lessons in German and science. Hilde remarkably found work sewing bathing caps and hats at home, and the family took in a boarder. Karl tried to obtain US visas, but restrictive quotas made this impossible. On December 11, 1941, the family received the order for transport. Karl notified the authorities that his wife was not well enough to travel because of angina pectoris. He asked if one child could stay to care for her, which the Germans approved. Inge remained behind. On December 14, Hilde and Karl went to the assembly center. The Czechs came out to gloat and jeer as their Jewish neighbors went to their transport. On December 17, they left on Transport N to Ghetto Theresienstadt. Hilde was put in a sick ward. Karl was assigned to Hohenelber Kaserne for those over age fifty. After a week, Hilde was transferred to Podmokly barracks. She worked in the Ordnungsdienst, the order police, and stood all day in freezing weather monitoring activity. She also worked in the laundry and cared for sick and elderly inmates. She rarely saw her father. Hilde was selected for a labor group sent to plant saplings in Krivoklat Forest from April 10-June 6, 1942. Upon returning to Theresienstadt, Hilde found that her belongings had been stolen. Her paternal grandmother, Emma Taussig, had been deported from Prague to Theresienstadt on April 24, 1942, with her daughter, Marie née Polak, who was sent further to Izbica camp and death. Emma became ill due to malnutrition. Hilde cared for Emma until her death of enteritis on June 18. Transports came in and out of the camp and prisoners lived in terror of being deported east. Hilde became engaged to Josef Loewy. When his mother received the deportation order, he volunteered to join her. Shortly after Josef’s departure September 6, 1943, Hilde became sick with encephalitis. On May 18, 1944, Hilde and her father were shipped on Transport Eb to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. They were chased out of the cattle cars and met with shouting and random beatings. There was no selection, but Hilde and Karl were separated. Hilde’s left arm was tattooed with number A-4622. She was incarcerated in the "Theresienstadt Family Camp." Hilde searched for her father and when she told another prisoner that Karl was 55, he pointed toward the smokestacks and said that was where her father was. She found Karl, now prisoner A-2377. He told her to save herself and not worry about him, but she resolved to save his life. Hilde helped care for elderly women and survived a brutal beating. The food was horrible and everyone had diarrhea. In early July, the Germans began to liquidate the Family Camp. The women were ordered to undress and march around a table where Mengele and other SS men were seated with their snarling dogs. Hilde alerted her father that she had been selected, took his eyeglasses and advised him to walk straight and tall to appear fit for work. Hilde argued with the room elder to change Karl’s age on his card to 45 years. Hilde was penned in a holding hut with no standing room in B-Ia women's camp. The guards had promised the return of their shoes, but then threw them into a big pile and laughed as the women fought over them. Hilde got a pair of painfully uncomfortable wooden shoes, many sizes too large. About July 9, Hilde was sent to Christianstadt, a slave labor subcamp of Gross Rosen in Germany. She cleaned for the SS women and the head took a liking to Hilde. This gave her courage to risk asking for the bread crusts from the garbage, which Hilde brought back to her barrack mates. Later, she was assigned to a munitions factory of Dynamit Nobel AG. She sat near a fast moving carousel and filled grenades with hot explosives. Her legs and arms were often burned and she experienced severe nausea from the toxic gas. February 2/3, 1945, the camp was evacuated as the Soviet Red Army approached. The inmates were forced on a death march. Gunshots were continuously heard as soldiers shot those who could not keep up. After four days, Hilde escaped at twilight over the wall of a bridge into icy water. She took along Zdena, a Czech girl who agreed to stay mute. They wandered in the woods before finally finding a house. The woman first told them to go away, then said they could stay one night. The next day, German soldiers came and took them to be questioned. They were asked to prove they were German citizens. Hilde, who had long hair and spoke perfect German, assumed the pseudonym Hilda Lehmann and said they had fled from bombed Sudentengau. A soldier rolled up Hilde’s sleeve to check for a tattoo, but she had sewn the buttons tightly closed and he stopped just before the tattoo became visible. Finally, they were let go and sent to work in a factory. Later, Hilde found work on a farm near Buergel. She was in constant fear of discovery until liberation by American troops in April 1945. Hilde identified herself as a Jew and received a medal for saving Zdena. They were sent to the displaced persons camp at the former Buchenwald concentration camp. Released on June 5, Hilde returned to Prague and reunited with her father. Karl had been sent from Auschwitz to Blechhammer, where he was liberated on January 23, 1945. Hilde and Karl learned that Irma died May 17, 1942, in the Bohnice State Institute in Prague, after a mental breakdown. Inge had been arrested during the wave of reprisals following the assassination of Heydrich, the German Security Chief. Inge was deported June 10, 1942 on Transport AAh to Ujazdow in the Lublin-Chelm area, where she was murdered at the age of 21. On January 1946, in Cesky Dub, Hilde met David Friedmann, born December 20, 1893, in Mährisch Ostrau (Ostrava, Czech Republic). He was an artist and survivor of the Łódź Ghetto and Auschwitz, Gleiwitz I, and Blechhammmer concentration camps. He sketched the first of many portraits of Hilde and she helped him hang his first postwar exhibition of Holocaust drawings and other works in the Town Hall. In 1947, Karl Taussig married Elisabeth Gluck and they had two daughters. Karl died April 13, 1973, in Israel, at age 85. Hilde and David wed May 27, 1948, in Prague and fled the Stalinist Communists to Israel in 1949. They immigrated to New York in 1954 with their daughter Miriam, and settled in St. Louis, Missouri. The family became U.S. citizens and Americanized their surname to one “n”. Friedman embarked on a successful career in commercial art. After retirement in 1962, Friedman returned to his art to show the world the persecution, torment, and agony inflicted by the Nazis. David died February 27, 1980 at the age of 86, in St. Louis, Missouri. Hilde devoted the remainder of her life promoting his art and speaking about the Holocaust. Hilde died at the age of 67 on January 25, 1989, in New York. She is buried next to her beloved David.

The painting was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1987 by Miriam Friedman Morris, the daughter of David Friedman.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Miriam Friedman Morris

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.