Polish paratrooper badge given to a Jewish soldier, 2nd Polish Corps

Edward Henryk Herzbaum (later Hartry) was born on October 6, 1920, in Vienna, Austria. He was the only son of a Jewish couple, Dr. Alexander and Fanny Hermelin Herzbaum. Alexander was a chemical engineer, born in Tarnow, Poland, in February 1886 to Mendel (1855-1930) and Chana Ettinger Herzbaum, who married in 1882. They also had a daughter Gisela (1884-1912.) Chana died in 1886. In 1888, Mendel married Beila Lea Ettinger (b. August 22, 1864). Mendel and Beila had two children: Jakob (1888-1966) and Herman. Edward's mother Fanny was born in Boryslaw, Poland, near Lvov on May 30, 1890, to Samuel (d. 1922) and Chaje Sara Backenroth Hermelin. Fanny had four siblings, Rifke (b. 1883), Cirl (b. 1888), Zacharje (1884-1925), and Abraham (1885-1886.) In 1928, Edward's family moved to Poland and settled in Zawiercie. Edward had asthma and wore glasses, as he was very shortsighted. In 1934, they moved to Łódź. Alexander, 51, died in July 1937 of cancer. Edward graduated from high school in May 1938, and deferred his military service to enroll at the Warsaw Polytechnic, Faculty of Architecture. He had completed two semesters when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Edward joined the Polish Auxiliary Forces as a volunteer and was arrested by the Germans with other paramilitary youth a few days later. Edward escaped and returned to Łódź. The Soviet Union invaded and occupied eastern Poland. German occupying authorities in Łódź enacted oppressive anti-Jewish measures. At the urging of his mother, Edward, then 19, left Łódź on December 6, 1939, and went east to Lvov, which was under Soviet control. In Lvov, Edward lived with his maternal aunt and had an assortment of jobs, including office worker at a construction site, skiing instructor, and lifeguard at a swimming pool in a Soviet sports center. In June 1940, Edward was arrested by the NKVD (Soviet Security Police), tortured, and exiled to a gulag near Rybinsk on the Volga River. The prisoners logged and hauled trees in freezing temperatures. They worked on the construction of a reservoir and hydro-electric plant. The camp was primitive, and the inmates suffered from starvation, exhaustion, and brutal treatment from the guards. Edward spent months in the infirmary, but his poor health did not exempt him from abuse. Around this time, Edward began to keep a journal. In June 1941, Germany invaded the USSR. The Soviets issued an amnesty of the Polish forced laborers and other Soviet prisoners. Some were needed to work in factories and agriculture to replace the Russians mobilized into the Red Army. Other prisoners were released to join the fight against the Germans. An agreement was signed between the Polish Government in Exile and the Soviet government to form a Polish Army in the East, commanded by General Wladyslaw Anders. After his release, Edward traveled south to Tatischewo (now Turkmenbasy) in Turkemenistan in September, and joined Anders Army as a soldier in the 5th Kresowa Infantry Division. It was a difficult existence, as the Soviets were unwilling to supply enough food or equipment to sustain the Polish soldiers. On August 17, 1942, they left Soviet territory, crossing the Caspian Sea to Pahlevi, Iran (now Bandar-e-Anzali.) At this point, they were placed under the control of the British government and became the Polish Second Corps, a unit of the British Army affiliated with the Polish Armed Forces in the West. The troops travelled through Bakhtaran (now Kirmanshah) then to Khanaqin, Iraq, as they received training from British forces. Edward’s health improved as he got out of the Soviet Union, and food and supplies were plentiful. However, the increasingly horrifying news from Poland affected him deeply, and he experienced bouts of depression. Painting and drawing materials were available and Edward began to document events with sketches and watercolors. In March 1943, the Corps was in Habbaniya, Iraq, and in September, went to Nuseirat, Palestine. In February 1944, the unit moved to Quassasin, Egypt. The Polish soldiers were fully trained now and, on February 18, Edward and his division boarded the M.S. Dilwara in Port Said for Taranto, Italy, where they joined the Italian Campaign under the command of the Eighth British Army. They fought their way north through Italy, experiencing high casualties, especially in the May 1944 final Battle of Monte Cassino, the fourth assault on those German defenses since January 1944. Edward visited the cemetery at Aquafondate and saw the names of many men he knew well. Edward, although Jewish by birth, was an atheist and, for him, the comradeship and closeness between soldier’s transcended class and religion. They relied on each other completely, as they experienced the trauma of war together. In June, the Corps fought in the Adriatic Campaign, including the Battle of Ancona, capturing the city on July 18, 1944. The war ended in early May 1945 with Germany's surrender. Many Polish soldiers did not want to return to their now communist-run country and had to wait in Italy while the British Army determined what to do. Edward learned that his mother had died in Łódź Ghetto. He was given leave to resume education and studied architecture at the University of Rome from March - September 1946. In October, Edward and other Polish veterans sailed from Naples on the SS Marine Raven, arriving in Glasgow in early November. Edward was assigned to an army camp near High Wycombe. In September 1947, he was given leave to study architecture at Polish University College in London. He was discharged as a private from the Polish forces and listed as a member of the Polish Resettlement Corps from November 1947-June 1949. In 1949, Edward changed his name from Herzbaum to Hartry, following the example of a cousin, Ted, who had escaped to the US where he joined the US Army. Edward completed his architecture studies in June 1950. He was an architect's assistant at the London County Council. In 1952, he became a British national. In his naturalization form, he states that his mother died in 1940-1941, exact date not known. He never knew the details of her passing. Records discovered later said Fanny, 53, died of peritonitis in Łódź Ghetto on December 12, 1943. Edward established an architectural firm with two partners. In 1956, Edward, called Edek, married Teresa Jaskolska, a Polish Catholic woman. She had a daughter from a previous marriage and the couple had a daughter in 1957. Edward, 47, died on February 22, 1967, of cancer. After Teresa’s death in 2002, his daughter Krystyna Mew discovered his wartime artwork and journals, which were translated and published in 2010 as Lost between Worlds: A World War II Journey of Survival.

Andrzej Służewski (later Andrew, 1919-1964) was born in Poland, likely in the eastern borderlands known as Kresy. Germany and the Soviet Union invaded Poland in September 1939. While Germany occupied all Polish territory west of the Bug River, Soviet forces claimed the territory to the river’s east, which left Andrzej living in Soviet-occupied Poland. Many Polish people initially fought against the occupation, and later joined resistance groups, or held political beliefs or social roles that were at odds with Soviet-imposed laws. The Soviet authorities imprisoned many of these people, as well as any Polish soldiers that had tried to defend the nation. Some were transported to forced labor camps and prisons, while others were subjugated on their own soil. Andrzej was among those victimized by Soviet oppression during the occupation. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa. The Soviets became formal allies with Great Britain. In July, the Soviet Government issued an amnesty of the Polish forced laborers and prisoners. Some were needed to work in factories and agriculture to replace the Soviet citizens mobilized into the Red Army. Other prisoners were released to join the fight against the Germans. An agreement was signed between the Polish Government in Exile and the Soviet government to form a Polish Army in the East, commanded by General Wladyslaw Anders. Following his release, Andrzej joined Anders’ Army. On August 17, 1942, the army evacuated from Soviet territory, crossing the Caspian Sea to Pahlevi, Iran (now Bandar-e-Anzali.) At this point, they were placed under the control of the British government and became the 2nd Polish Corps, a unit of the British Army affiliated with the Polish Armed Forces in the West. Andrzej joined the 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (3 Dywizja Strzelców Karpackich,) which was made up of members from the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and Forces from the 2nd Corps. This division participated in the North African and Italian Campaigns as part of the British Eighth Army. Andrzej, a second Lieutenant (podporucznik,) served as a special C in C section, and attended Polish Parachute School in Italy, where he earned his paratrooper badge (number 4405.) He was a member of the Silent and Unseen (Cichociemny,) elite special operations paratroopers in the Polish Home Army. This unit initially trained in the United Kingdom, but was eventually able to conduct training in Italy after it fell under Allied control. Andrzej was trained and sworn in, but never had the opportunity to parachute into Poland during the war. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered, ending the war in Europe. Many members of the 2nd corps served as part of the Allied forces’ army of occupation. Many remained in Italy, while others were transferred to other recently liberated areas. In October 1946, the British decided to allow Polish Corps veterans that did not wish to return to Soviet-controlled Poland, to immigrate to England. Andrzej made his way to London, England, where he later married Halina Radwan. The couple had a daughter, Ewa. Andrezj later Anglicized his first name to Andrew, and stopped using the Polish diacritics for his surname. In 1954, Andrew became a naturalized citizen of the United Kingdom. Andrew worked as an architect for Edward Hartry’s (previously Edward Henryk Herzbaum) architectural firm. Edward had fought in the 5th Kresowa Infantry Division, so both men had been members of the 2nd Polish Corps.

The pin was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2012 by Krystyna Mew, the daughter of Edward (Herzbaum) Hartry.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Krystyna Mew

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.