Dutch Commemorative War Cross awarded to a Dutch Jewish soldier, Prinses Irene Brigade

Jacques Grootkerk was born on July 25, 1913, in Amsterdam, Netherlands, to Izak (Isaac) and Pauline Servos Grootkerk. Izak was born on October 31, 1882, to Jacob and Sofiah Grootkerk, a middle class Jewish family that had been in the Netherlands for many generations. He was a fabric merchant in Amsterdam. Pauline was born on January 27, 1885, in Germany, to Salomon and Regina Liman Servos. Jacques had one younger brother Erich, born on November 30, 1919, in Amsterdam. The family was not religious. On March 6, 1940, Jacques married Hedwig (Hedi) Justus, a Jewish refugee who had fled to the Netherlands in 1934. Hedi was born on February 27, 1918, in Nieder-Ohmen, Germany, to Juda (1878-1923) and Klara Wertheim (1881-1943) Justus. Hedi had 5 siblings: Julius, Herman (Herbert), Bertha, Rosa (Ruth), and Ludwig. By early 1940, three of Hedi’s siblings, Ludwig, Ruth, and Julius, had emigrated. In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. The Nazi occupied government implemented anti-Semitic legislation restricting the rights of Jews and created laws to punish anyone helping Jews hide or escape. By January 1941, all Jews had to register with the authorities. Jacques was summoned by the Jewish committee for a forced work placement in Germany, and he fled. Jacques and Erich left Amsterdam on December 3, 1941. They biked to Antwerp and were caught crossing the French border. They were released and walked to Maubeuge, France. The brothers travelled south, through German patrolled zones, to Paris. Sympathetic family friends there helped Jacques and Erich find people who could get them to Vichy France. They went to Tours and met with men who told them to cross the bridge during the changing of the German guards. They continued to Loches on foot. Once they arrived, a French detective found them and threatened to arrest them. The next day, the detective explained that he was a counter-intelligence officer and wanted to help. He bought them train tickets to Toulouse, where the brothers joined a group of Dutch refugees waiting to go to Curacao in the Dutch West Indies. In February 1942, tired of waiting, Jacques and Erich decided to cross the Pyrenees Mountains into Spain. A winter crossing was too difficult, so they went to Lyon. They were caught crossing the Swiss border, and transported to a camp for foreign workers in Annecy, France. After two weeks, Jacques, Erich, Van Crefelt, and a Spaniard escaped. The Spaniard stole their money and bags, but Jacques, Erich, and Van Crefelt crossed the mountains. They made up fake British identifies and rehearsed background stories. They were arrested in Figueras, Spain, and sent to a prison near Barcelona. After a typhus outbreak, they were quarantined in the prison and barely fed. Erich contracted tuberculosis. After three months, Jacques, Erich, and Van Crefelt were transported to Miranda de Ebro concentration camp in northeastern Spain. There was little food and Jacques had dysentery. Jacques, under the name D. Ritmeester, began exchanging letters with his wife Hedi in France. On March 6, 1942, Hedi and her brother Herbert had escaped Amsterdam and followed the same route taken by Jacques and Erich. Hedi and Herbert arrived in Vichy France after Jacques and Erich had left. They did not want to cross the mountains, and stayed in France. In late July 1942, Jacques, Erich, and Van Crefelt were allowed to leave under the protection of the British. They travelled to southern Spain and sailed to Ireland in late August. The British military gave Jacques, Erich, and Van Crefelt tickets to Wolverhampton, England, where the Dutch government in exile had established the Dutch Free Forces. The Forces consisted of Dutch soldiers and male citizens between 20 and 35 who had escaped to Great Britain following the German invasion. In August, all Dutch men living in Canada, Ireland, and the United States were called up for service. The Forces fought as part of the British army. Jacques joined the heavy machine gun section in the Prinses Irene Brigade, Erich became a paratrooper, and Van Crefelt a commando. Queen Wilhemina of the Netherlands visited the camp and presented a medal to those who had escaped from the Netherlands. Jacques asked the queen for a British visa for Hedi and Herbert, who had gone to Switzerland in September. They received the visa, but it was too dangerous for them to leave. Jacques began using the nickname Jack. In 1943, Erich married an Austrian refugee, Lissy. In late summer 1944, Jack’s Brigade landed in Normandy and moved north towards Belgium. In September, his brigade participated in Operation Market Garden. By March 1945, the Brigade had liberated much of the southern part of the Netherlands. In April, Jack and Hedi were reunited at the Gare de Lyons railroad station in Paris. Jack had to return to the front, and Hedi was not allowed on the military train with him. Two soldiers that knew Jack helped them board the train and hid Hedi. From Antwerp, Jack and Hedi walked to the Dutch border. Hedi had trouble crossing the border because she was a civilian, but another Dutchmen helped get them past the guards. Jack returned to the front and Hedi stayed with friends. Shortly after Jack’s return, the Brigade mobilized northward toward Amsterdam. On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered. Jack’s brigade was quartered in the Hague. The following month, the Prinses Irene Brigade entered Amsterdam as part of a liberation parade. Hedi joined Jack in Amsterdam in the summer. In September, Jack was demobilized. The couple had a son, Paul (1946-2015). Jack and Hedi learned that most of their extended family was killed during the Holocaust. Jack’s parents, Pauline and Izak, were sent to Westerbork transit camp and then deported and killed in Sobibor killing center on June 4, 1943. Hedi’s mother, Klara, was sent to Vught and Westerbork transit camps and then deported and killed at Auschwitz concentration camp on February 5, 1943. Hedi’s sister Bertha Stern was killed in Minsk, Poland, in 1943. Erich and his wife Lissy tried to immigrate to Palestine, but were detained in Cyprus. In 1948, the State of Israel was established and they settled in Regba. In September 1952, Jack, Hedi, and Paul sailed on the S.S. Zuiderkruis to the US. Hedi, 74, died on May 15, 1992, in Palm Beach, Florida. Jack, 85, died on March 26, 1999, in Palm Beach.

The Dutch medal was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2002 by Paul Grootkerk, the son of Jack Grootkerk.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Paul Grootkerk and the Estate of Paul Grootkerk

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.