Saxophone, case and accessories used by a Polish Jewish musician in a band that toured DP camps
Extent and Medium
a: Height: 30.125 inches (76.518 cm) | Width: 6.000 inches (15.24 cm) | Depth: 10.500 inches (26.67 cm)
a1: Height: 4.375 inches (11.113 cm) | Width: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm) | Depth: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm)
a2: Height: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Width: 0.875 inches (2.223 cm) | Depth: 1.750 inches (4.445 cm)
a3: Height: 3.625 inches (9.208 cm) | Width: 11.375 inches (28.893 cm) | Depth: 2.000 inches (5.08 cm)
b: Height: 6.875 inches (17.463 cm) | Width: 32.125 inches (81.598 cm) | Depth: 13.375 inches (33.973 cm)
c: Height: 22.625 inches (57.468 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Depth: 0.875 inches (2.223 cm)
d: Height: 20.875 inches (53.023 cm) | Width: 1.875 inches (4.763 cm) | Depth: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm)
e: Height: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm) | Width: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
f: Height: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm) | Width: 1.500 inches (3.81 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
g: Height: 1.375 inches (3.493 cm) | Width: 1.375 inches (3.493 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
h: Height: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Width: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
i: Height: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm) | Width: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
j: Height: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
k: Height: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
l: Height: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
m: Height: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
n1: Height: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Depth: 0.375 inches (0.953 cm)
n2: Height: 3.250 inches (8.255 cm) | Width: 0.625 inches (1.588 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
n3: Height: 3.250 inches (8.255 cm) | Width: 0.875 inches (2.223 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
o1: Height: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Depth: 0.375 inches (0.953 cm)
p1: Height: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Depth: 0.375 inches (0.953 cm)
q1: Height: 1.125 inches (2.858 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Depth: 0.375 inches (0.953 cm)
r1: Height: 3.500 inches (8.89 cm) | Width: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
r2: Height: 3.125 inches (7.938 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
s: Height: 3.125 inches (7.938 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
t: Height: 3.125 inches (7.938 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
u: Height: 3.125 inches (7.938 cm) | Width: 0.750 inches (1.905 cm) | Depth: 0.125 inches (0.318 cm)
v1: Height: 1.000 inches (2.54 cm) | Width: 4.375 inches (11.113 cm) | Depth: 3.125 inches (7.938 cm)
v2: Height: 0.250 inches (0.635 cm) | Width: 4.375 inches (11.113 cm) | Depth: 3.375 inches (8.573 cm)
w: Height: 0.875 inches (2.223 cm) | Width: 1.875 inches (4.763 cm)
x: Height: 10.000 inches (25.4 cm) | Width: 30.750 inches (78.105 cm)
y: Height: 27.125 inches (68.898 cm) | Width: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm)
z: Height: 11.000 inches (27.94 cm) | Width: 8.500 inches (21.59 cm)
aa: Height: 7.750 inches (19.685 cm) | Width: 5.625 inches (14.288 cm)
ab: Height: 7.125 inches (18.098 cm) | Width: 5.625 inches (14.288 cm)
ac: Height: 7.000 inches (17.78 cm) | Width: 5.500 inches (13.97 cm)
ad: Height: 7.000 inches (17.78 cm) | Width: 5.250 inches (13.335 cm)
ae: Height: 6.750 inches (17.145 cm) | Width: 5.125 inches (13.018 cm)
af: Height: 5.875 inches (14.923 cm) | Width: 8.125 inches (20.638 cm)
ag: Height: 15.625 inches (39.688 cm) | Width: 12.625 inches (32.068 cm)
ah: Height: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm) | Width: 4.000 inches (10.16 cm)
Creator(s)
- Henry C. Baigelman (Subject)
Biographical History
Henry Chaim Baigelman was born on July 12, 1911, in Łódź, Poland, to Szyman and Rifka. He had a brother David, a composer and conductor, born in March 1887, two other brothers, a sister Rose, and three other sisters. A Polish-Jewish family, they attended synagogue, observed major holidays, and spoke Polish and Yiddish at home. Henry attended shul every Saturday, and received his secular education at a public Polish Gymnasium. They were a family of professional musicians. When Henry was 6, his brother-in-law, Samuel, taught him to play the violin. He joined a conservatory and at 15 began playing both the violin and the saxophone professionally. Szyman died in 1939, before the war started. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. When the bombing began, the Baigelman men fled the city and hid in a field to avoid being caught and sent to a labor camp. Henry promised his mother that he would return that same day and he did. By September 8, the German army occupied Łódź and established a sealed ghetto. Henry, Rifka, David, a younger brother, Rose, her daughter, and extended family members were forced to move into a two room apartment in the ghetto. Henry worked in a kitchen and at a factory that manufactured hats for German soldiers. The administrative head of the ghetto, Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, established the House of Culture where the Łódź ghetto orchestra performed twice per week; David was the conductor and Henry played the violin. After Rose died of a brain tumor around 1942, Rifka and Henry cared for her daughter. On June 10, 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered the destruction of the ghetto. David hid the family instruments, including Henry’s violin, in a factory attic. On August 4, 1944, Henry and 23 family members were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp. They took what they could carry and were forced into covered cattle cars for an overnight ride. Upon arrival, the men, women, and children were separated. Henry was stripped, shaved, disinfected, and given a prison uniform and shoes. He shared a bed with 3 others and did not work. Henry saw the crematoriums, but only heard rumors as to their purpose. On August 18, Henry was transported to Kaltwasser concentration camp in Germany in a closed cattle car. The prisoners could see people standing along the tracks, watching the train. He arrived on August 21 and was placed in a barracks with 500-600 prisoners. There was no sanitation or toilets, and many were ill. Henry worked building highways for 14 hours a day, 6 days a week; his rations were a small piece of bread and soup each day. In November 1944, he was transported to Flossenberg concentration camp and assigned to hard labor. In February 1945, there was a typhus outbreak in sub-camp Altenhammer and the sick were brought to the hospital at Flossenberg. Henry, his nephew, and 2 cousins were among those selected to replace them. In Atlenhammer, Henry met the camp supervisor, a German political prisoner. He had a violin and accordion and he made Henry and his cousin play daily for him. In return, Henry was well fed and had extra food to share with friends. On April 16, the German soldiers and guards vacated the camp. The prisoners, having nowhere to go, stayed behind. They found food and ate. After two days, the Germans returned and on April 20, decided to evacuate the camp by ordering a forced march of 12,000 prisoners. They marched at night and hid in orchards during the day. There was no food and they slept in the snow with one blanket. If a prisoner did not get up, he was shot. On April 23, Henry could not get up; his nephew and a friend carried him until he could walk on his own. They were liberated that night by the United States Army. Only 3,000 prisoners survived. The soldiers gave the liberated prisoners milk and food. Henry and four others found a farm and the farmer provided food and shelter. After a few weeks, they left for the American controlled city of Cham, Germany, and were provided with living accommodations. Henry and two nephews were the only survivors from his immediate family of twenty-three people. While in Cham, Henry met seven other musicians from Łódź. An American army captain and the Cham Burgermeister helped Henry organize an orchestra. Henry procured instruments from Czechoslovakia. His brother-in-law had retrieved the family instruments from the Łódź ghetto following its liberation by the Soviet Army on January 19, 1945. Henry also visited a textile factory and had suits tailor made for performances. The group named themselves the Happy Boys. They specialized in American jazz and performed for American troops. Henry contacted the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRAA), which administered displaced persons camps. UNRAA provided the group with an ambulance and driver. They converted it into a tour bus and performed at displaced persons camps and concert halls in large German cities. The Happy Boys were known for their mix of prewar hits, easy listening classics, Jewish songs, and original works about the lives and concerns of Jewish displaced persons. While touring in 1947, Henry married Gita Glazer. The couple had met in Łódź in 1939. The Happy Boys played together for four years. In 1949, Henry and Gita decided to leave Germany. Emigration to the United States was difficult and the couple decided to go to Israel. As they were making preparations, the quota opened for visas to the US. On August 9, they emigrated to New York from Cham on the USS General Haan. The couple had 2 children. Henry died on June 2, 2002, at the age of 90.
Archival History
The saxophone, case, and accessories were donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2010 by Riva Berelson and Simon Baigelman on behalf of the Estate of Henry Baigelman.
Acquisition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the Estate of Henry Baigelman
Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.
Scope and Content
Saxophone, case, and parts acquired and used by Henry Baigelman after the war. Henry was a professional musician in Łódź when Germany occupied Poland on September 1, 1939. He and his family were imprisoned in the Łódź (Litzmannstadt) ghetto where he and his brother David performed with the orchestra. On June 10, 1944, Himmler ordered the ghetto destroyed, David hid the family instruments. On August 4, 1944, the family was deported to Auschwitz where they were separated. Henry was transferred to Kaltwasser, Flossenberg, and Altenhammer concentration camps. In Altenhammer, the camp supervisor had a violin; Henry played for him and received extra rations. On April 20, 1945, the prisoners were sent on a forced march and liberated on April 23 by the US Army. Henry traveled to Cham, Germany, where he organized a band, The Happy Boys, that performed in displaced persons camps. Two of the violins that were hidden in the ghetto were recovered by Henry's brother-in-law after the city was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945. See records 2010.472.1 and 2010.472.2; one was played by Henry in the ghetto; the other originally belonged to Henry's cousin. Henry and 2 nephews were the only family members who survived the Holocaust. Henry married and emigrated to the United States in 1949.
Conditions Governing Access
No restrictions on access
Conditions Governing Reproduction
No restrictions on use
Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements
a. Brass tenor saxophone with a soldered tubular body, bow, and bell with a system of keypads and circular tone hole covers attached with posts and along rods. The top end of the body has a circular opening; below are the neck and lyre screws. Along the right side are 9 mother of pearl circular right hand keys, some with felt covered undersides, and 11 covers with leather padded undersides. At the top are 3 rods of different lengths with covers; at the bottom are 3 right palm spatula keys. Below are 2 semi-circular right hand keys with mother of pearl rollers. The back of the body has a cork backed left palm spatula key, circular mother of pearl button, U shaped neck strap ring, thumb rest hook, and 2 covers with key guards. Along the left side, 3 covers are attached to the top of corresponding, elongated left hand palm spatula keys. Below are 4 left little finger spatula keys, 3 with mother of pearl rollers, and 3 covers. Two covers with key guards are on the body, bow, and bell. A decorative geometric piece is soldered to the bow front. The body has engraved English text and numbers; the bell has a portrait of a woman and English text against a stylized background. A removable, smooth tubular brass cap with vertical top grooves and a band of horizontal lines is inserted into the top end opening. It measures; 1.750h, 1.125w, 1.125d. The dimensions tab has overall measurements for inserted cap and saxophone. a1. Black rubber saxophone jazz mouthpiece with an attached reed inserted into a brass cover. The mouthpiece has a tubular shank and body with a wedge shaped beak that slopes upward on a diagonal from the frontal rail. A circular, gold colored metal ligature with 2 screws and 2 semi-rectangular horizontal cutouts slides over the beak and secures the reed to the flat rectangular table on the underside of the mouthpiecce. The cylindrical brass cover has a semi-rectangular cut out at the top that slides over the ligature screws and a circular bottom with a pinhole. English text and a number are engraved on the mouthpiece bod; English text is printed on the reed. The dimensions entered as a1 represent the overall measurements. a2. Brass and rubber saxophone classical mouthpiece with an attached reed inserted in a brass cover. The black plastic mouthpiece has a tubular shank and body with a wedge shaped beak with a black rubber bite plate that slopes upward on a diagonal from the frontal rail. On the underside is a semi-circular, gold colored metal ligature with 2 screws and 2 semi-rectangular screw plates; this slides over the side rails to secure the reed to the flat rectangular table. The mouthpiece is inserted into a hollow, gold colored metal cover that slides over the beak and body of the mouthpiece. The cover has a curved top with angled edges that extend over a flat, rectangular bottom. A manufacturer’s mark is engraved on the body, cover, and ligature screw. English text is engraved on the body. The dimensions entered as a2 represent the overall measurements. a3. Tubular, hollow, brass saxophone neck with a brown neck cork adhered to the straight mouthpiece end that extends into a U-shaped curve that terminates at the tenon. The octave key spring is attached by posts to the top of the curve. The circular tone hole cover has a brown leather pad and is attached at the top of the spring; at the opposite end is the tenon encircled by a ring. A horizontal support bar is attached between the straight and curved ends. b. Rectangular, wooden saxophone case with rounded corners covered in black textured leatherlike material. All hardware is gold colored metal. On the front, 2 hasp locks are riveted above keyplates with arrow shaped slide release buttons. In the center is a leather covered handle. Each rear corner has worn, black leather corner bumpers. The lid is attached to the base by 3 hinges. The interior is lined with shaggy blue material. The bottom half of the lid and the bottom of the base are padded. The base has 2 compartments; the left is open and the right has a lid with a black leather pull tab. c. Narrow, plastic neck strap, yellowed with age, with a light colored ribbon insert. An adjustable white nylon string is attached by 2 rivets. The ends of a rectangular metal piece curl over and form 2 circles that the string loops through. The ends are secured with a silver clamp. A silver metal hook hangs from the bottom circle. English text is engraved on the reverse of the metal piece. d. Narrow, black leather neck strap with oval tapered ends, a brown felt underside, and black edge stitching. An adjustable dark brown nylon lace is knotted through a black painted grommet on one end of the strap; the other lace end passes thru a black plastic cylinder, loops twice through the top of the silver metal hook below, and passes once more through the cylinder. It attaches to a grommet on the other end of the strap. e. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the felt leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are sewn with white thread. The leather top has a pressed circle and a light gray stain. f. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the felt leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are sewn with white thread. The leather top has a pressed circle and a brown stain; the reverse has red ink stains. g. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the felt, leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are sewn with white thread. The leather top has a pressed circle; the felt bottom is missing small sections. h. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the a metal ring, then around the felt, leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are sewn with white thread. The leather top has a pressed circle; the bottom has a red ink stain. i. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with remants of a red ink stamp on the bottom. j. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the felt, leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are glued to the felt. k. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds a metal ring, then around the felt, leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are glued to the felt. l. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around the felt leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are glued to the felt. The leather top has a dark smudge. m. Circular pad of thick white pressed felt with a white leather cover. The leather folds around a metal ring, then around the felt, leaving a small opening on the bottom; the gathered edges are glued to the felt. n1. Double pocket container formed from a rectangular piece of brown cardboard with a rectangular piece of blue paper folded in half and stapled over one end, creating a pocket on each side. A reed is inserted into each pocket. On the front pocket are printed numbers and English text and a stain; the reverse pocket has handwritten numbers and a letter. A number and letter are penciled on the front of the cardboard. n2. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible text, numbers, and a letter. The tip is chipped in 2 places and on the reverse are stains. n3. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. On the reverse is printed English text. The file is discolored and the reverse has a dark stain. o1. Double pocket container formed from a rectangular piece of brown cardboard with a rectangular piece of blue paper folded in half and stapled over one end, creating a pocket on each side. A reed is inserted into each pocket. On the front pocket are printed numbers and English text; the reverse pocket has handwritten numbers and a letter. A number and letter are penciled on the front of cardboard. o2. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible text, numbers, and a letter. The file is slightly discolored and the bottom edge is chipped. o3. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible text, numbers, and a letter. The top corner of the tip is chipped. p1. Double pocket container formed from a rectangular piece of brown cardboard with a rectangular piece of orange paper folded in half and stapled over one end, creating a pocket on each side. A reed is inserted into each pocket. On the front pocket is printed English text; the reverse pocket has penciled English text. On the cardboard is a green stain and the orange paper has dark smudges. p2. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible text. There is a piece missing off the tip and the file is discolored. On the reverse is a stain. p3. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible text. There is a piece missing off the tip and the file is discolored. On the reverse is a stain. q1. Double pocket container formed from a rectangular piece of brown cardboard with a rectangular piece of orange paper folded in half and stapled over one end, creating a pocket on each side. A reed is inserted into each pocket. The front and back pockets have printed English text and are stained and smudged. q2. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the grooved bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed English text. q3. Rectangular, light brown cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the grooved bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed English text and a light stain in the center. r1. Rectangular, translucent brown wax paper folded to make a narrow, rectangular envelope. r2. Rectangular, light brown unfiled cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table enclosed in an envelope. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. On the reverse is printed illegible and English text and a number. The tip is uneven and on the reverse is a dark brown and dark green stain in the center and metallic gold stain along the right edge. s. Rectangular shaped, light brown filed cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the bark is varnished. The front is discolored and the bark pattern on the lower half is visible. On the reverse is a stain near the bottom and printed English text. t. Rectangular shaped, light brown filed cane reed with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the striated bark is varnished. The top edge is chipped in 2 places. The top half is disoclored on both sides. English text is printed on the reverse. u. Rectangular shaped, light brown piece of filed cane with a curved tip, straight heel, and flat sanded table. The vamp and reverse sides are unfinished; the striated bark is varnished. The top half of the front is discolored. On the reverse are dark green and dark brown stains and printed English text. v1. Rectangular, dark brown painted worn tin box lid with rounded corners. The exterior has raised edges, a grooved rectangular border, and a raised center with painted English text and numbers. v2. Rectangular, dark brown painted worn tin box base with rounded corners and a removable lid. On the upper back left corner is a groove for opening with a coin. On the bottom is engraved English text and numbers. w. Rectangular, double edged, steel razor blade with curved ends and semi circular cut outs on the lower left and upper right. There are 3 circular center cutouts. Numbers and German text are engraved on front and back. x. Rectangular gray and blue plaid cloth with 3 frayed edges and 1 finished long edge. y. Rectangular dark brown cloth with rounded corners and edges finished with white thread. The front has printed numbers and Spanish text. z. Rectangular white paper photocopy rom a book of a Jewish folk song. Title at top, Raisins and Almonds; below: credit line and song genre; then 6 staves of notes; 5 with 3 bars, 1 with 2 bars, with English lyrics under each staff. An image of a dish with 2 curved handles filled with almonds and raisins and a page number are in the lower right. The reverse is blank. aa. Rectangular, brown cloth pocket with rounded corners and an open top and left side. It is formed from 1 piece of cloth folded in half and sewn shut on 2 edges. Three edges have serged seams with dark red thread. There is English text and a hotel logo printed on the front; a cloth loop tab sewn to the upper right; and a small, gold oval sticker with English text. ab. Rectangular, offwhite cloth pocket with rounded corners and an open top. It is formed from one piece of cloth folded in half and sewn shut on 3 edges with serged seams with white thread. There is English text and a logo printed on the front, a cloth loop tab sewn to the upper right; and a small, gold oval sticker with English text. ac. Rectangular, white cloth pocket with round corners and an open top. It is formed from one piece of cloth folded in half and sewn shut on 2 edges. All edges have serged seams with white thread. At the top right is a ribbon loop tab. English, French, Spanish, and German text is printed on the front. ad. Rectangular, white cloth pocket open on the top and left side. It is formed from one piece of cloth folded in half and sewn shut on 2 edges. All edges have serged seams with white thread. There is English text printed on the front, a cloth loop tab sewn to the upper right; and a small, white rectangular sticker with English text. ae. Rectangular, white cloth pocket with rounded cornes and an open top and left side. It is formed from one piece of cloth folded in half and sewn shut on 2 edges. All edges have serged seams with white thread. There is English text printed on the front. A cloth loop tab is sewn to the upper right; attached is a small, white rectangular sticker with English text. af. Rectangular, light brown preprinted paper bank deposit form with printed German text, a perforated right side, and multiple folds. At the top is the form name; to the left is form type, and to the right is a notice. Below is a block of text and numbered questions, entry lines, and tables. On the reverse are numbered questions, entry lines, and a table. The piece was torn at the bottom from a larger paper. ag. Rectangular, worn, gold cloth with rounded corners and slightly curved short edges, and serged seams with gold thread. ah. Small, square, white paper with handwritten English text in red ink.
n. front, on cardboard, pencil : 31/2 / T n. reverse, on paper, handwritten, black marker : 3 1/2 / T p. reverse, on paper, pencil : EXTRA ah. front, handwritten, red ink : TENOR SAX / MADE By C.G. CONN LTD. / 10 M. / PAT. APP / D.4 FORT / 3120 25(?) / ELKARD, IND. USA•
Subjects
- Concentration camp inmates.
- Concentration camp inmates as musicians.
- Jewish refugees--Germany.
- World War, 1939-1945--Refugees--Germany.
- Jewish families--Poland--Łódź.
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Poland--Łódź.
- Jewish musicians--Poland.
Genre
- Personal Equipment and Supplies
- Object