Red wooden tie rack made by a Dutch Jew while living in hiding

Paul Paulus was born on April 29, 1916. He married Aaltje (Alice) Rijskamp, who was born on February 20, 1915, in Stedum, Netherlands. They settled in Ermelo. On May 10, 1940, the Germans occupied the Netherlands, and on May 14, the Dutch Army surrendered. Paul became involved with the Dutch resistance movement. He tried to work for the resistance in England, but the coast already had been occupied by the Germans. Aaltje gave birth to a daughter, Ineke, in May 1942. In summer 1942, the German authorities began deporting Dutch Jews to extermination camps. The town doctor, Dr. Holtrop, was active in the resistance and asked Paul and Aaltje to shelter Jews in need of temporary way stations as they awaited more permanent locations. The first person to stay with them was an elderly Jewish man from Amsterdam who insisted upon taking daily walks through the village. This attracted attention and people asked the Paulus’s if their guest was a Jew. After a month, he was moved to another hiding place. A few other people stayed briefly in their home. In October, Paul and Aaltje gave refuge to a young Jewish couple, Michel and Saartje (Selly) Nathans, from Amsterdam. The resistance had provided them with new names and identification cards. The couple had sent their two year old daughter, Anita, who was deaf, to live with a non-Jewish family in a different home. They did not wish to move elsewhere. After the two couples talked, the Paulus’s invited them to stay longer. To keep their existence secret, Michel and Saartje stayed all day in a small upstairs bedroom. Michel made small wooden tie racks, which Paul then sold. Saartje mended the family’s clothes and crocheted gloves. The couples spent evenings downstairs together sharing stories, listening to the progress of the war on a hidden radio, or reading the Bible. Paul sometimes put wet clothes over the stove to steam up the windows, so Michel and Saartje sometimes could be downstairs during the day, carefully avoiding windows. One evening in 1943, they were warned by one of Paul’s relatives that the German police had arrived in Ermelo and planned to go door to door looking for Jews. Paul constructed a hiding place behind the upstairs bedroom wall for Michel and Saartje. On December 16, Saartje’s birthday, he arranged for Anita to visit her parents. They had not seen her in over a year. On January 7, 1944, Aaltje gave birth to a son, Paul Bernard. As the war continued, resources became scarce and the gas and electricity were shut off. They cut down trees in the nearby forest and used doors and furniture for firewood to keep warm. In early 1944, Paul and Michel occasionally went out after dark to take firewood from a German stockpile across the street. They used candles at night, but when this supply dwindled, they used oil soaked rags. Food supplies were meager. Aaltje’s sister and her husband lived in Groningen and came by train every month with suitcases filled with potatoes, flour, peas, and bacon. They got vegetables from a neighbor’s garden and bought grain from the nearby farmers to bake bread. In 1944, Paul and one of his brothers dug out a small crawl space under the kitchen floor for Michel and Saartje to sleep at night. They put down straw, a mattress, and blankets. It was accessed by a wooden trap door that was concealed by a rug and the kitchen table. Paul also dug two holes in the wooded area outside the house to be used a hiding places. They were deep enough to hide several people and were covered with wood slats, grass, leaves, and tree branches. They were used often to hide Jews, as well as resistance members, including Paul, because of his leadership role in the resistance. One night, the families heard boots and voices outside. Michel and Saartje hid under the trap door. Aaltje prayed and answered the door to four armed German soldiers in need of directions. German authorities ordered Paul’s brother, Keimpe, to report for a work detail in Germany. He refused, and they threatened to burn down his house. The Jewish couple who were living in hiding in Keimpe’s house was sent to Paul’s house where, for two weeks, they shared a room with Michel and Saartje. Aaltje’s brother, Jan, refused to report for military duty. He was sent to a labor camp in the Netherlands then deported to a concentration camp in Germany. He escaped, and walked back to the Netherlands. Many resistance members and rescuers were caught and sent to concentration camps or killed, but Paul and Aaltje continued to take in people. The resistance eventually infiltrated the local police force, which allowed them to find out about impending raids. On September 17, 1944, Allied airborne operations began in their province. The southern Netherlands was liberated, but the northern region, which included Ermelo, remained occupied. In winter 1944-1945, they suffered a terrible famine because of the German blockade. On April 18, 1945, British, Irish, and Canadian forces liberated Ermelo. Aaltje and Paul did not learn Michel and Saartje’s real names until after the war. The couple stayed with them for a few months then reunited with their daughter and returned to Amsterdam. Seventy of Michel and Saartje’s relatives, many Dutch citzens, perished in concentration camps during the Holocaust. Aaltje and Paul had another daughter, Anneke, after the war. The families remained close. In 1956, the United States offered immigration opportunities to those involved in the resistance, and the Paulus family emigrated to the US the following year. They settled in Westerville, Ohio. Aaltje spoke often of their wartime experiences to civic groups. Paul passed away, age 64, on March 17, 1981. In 1987, Paul and Aaltje were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Aaltje passed away, age 84, on March 3, 1999.

Michel Nathans was born on September 2, 1905, in Amsterdam, Netherlands, to Jewish parents, Isaac and Naatje Goudket Nathans. Michel owned a business. He married Saartje (Selly) Regina Goldsteen on July 1, 1936, in Amsterdam. On May 10, 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands. That year, Saartje gave birth to a daughter, Anita. In July 1942, the German authorities began deporting Dutch Jews to extermination camps in occupied Poland. Michel and Saartje feared deportation and decided to go into hiding. They arranged to send two year old Anita, who was deaf, to live with a non-Jewish family in the countryside while they sought a safe place for themselves. One evening, their doorbell rang three short rings, which normally announced friends or family. Instead, they found German officers at the door. One officer asked if Jews resided there and for their identification. Another searched the house and said that they should arrest everyone. Michel showed an officer their identification and his business ownership papers. The business papers exempted them from deportation at this time and the soldiers left. Michel and Saartje sent their parents to a rest home for the elderly because those institutions were not searched. The couple obtained false names and identification cards from the Dutch resistance for the identities Hendrik Gerrit Waterland and Anna Degenhard. After much difficulty, they received an address for a temporary home in Ermelo, Netherlands. In October, they removed their yellow Star of David badges and went to the train station to go to Ermelo. Upon arrival, they were approached by a man on a bicycle who motioned to them to follow. They were taken to the home of a non-Jewish family, Aaltje (Alice) and Paul Paulus, and their five month old daughter, Ineke. Paul was active in the resistance movement, and their home served as a way station for Jews looking for refuge. Michel and Saartje lived in a small upstairs bedroom. To keep their presence secret, they spent all the daytime hours upstairs. They occupied their time by exercising, reading, playing cards, and doing puzzles or chores around the house; Michel frequently peeled potatoes. He studied Italian and made wooden tie racks, which Paul then sold. Saartje mended the family’s clothes and crocheted gloves. They spent most evenings downstairs with the Paulus family, sharing stories, listening to the progress of war on a hidden radio, or reading the Bible. Sometimes, Paul put wet clothes over the stove to steam up the windows, so they could be downstairs during the day. Michel and Saartje soon learned that her parents, brothers, and sister-in-law had been deported to Poland via Westerbork transit camp. In April 1943, they heard that the war most likely would not end until early 1945. Michel found it frustrating that he could not live freely. One day, he went to a neighboring farmhouse to buy eggs and milk. Unexpectedly, a German officer opened the door, but the farmer’s wife told the officer that Michel was a mental patient who had mistakenly left the facility. Michel made gestures to support her response. The couple learned that Michel’s father had died in Westerbork and his mother had been deported to Poland. One evening in 1943, they were warned by a Paulus family relative that the German police had arrived in Ermelo and planned to go door to door looking for Jews. Paul constructed a hiding place behind the upstairs bedroom wall for Michel and Saartje. On December 16, Saartje’s birthday, Paul arranged for Anita to visit her parents. They had not seen her in over a year. On January 7, 1944, Aaltje gave birth to a son, Paul Bernard. The long war made resources scarce and the gas and electricity were shut off. They sometimes cut trees from the nearby woods, and then had to burn shelves and furniture. In early 1944, Michel and Paul occasionally went out after dark to take firewood from a German stockpile across the street. That spring, Paul’s brother, Lammert, married and they held the celebrations at the Paulus’ home. Michel and Saartje had to stay hidden because Lammert’s in-laws would be attending. Paul’s brother, Keimpe, refused to report for a work detail in Germany, and the resistance informed him that the Germans planned to burn down his house. The Jewish couple hiding in his home was brought to Paul’s house where they shared a room with Michel and Saartje for two weeks. Paul and one of his brothers dug out a small crawl space under the kitchen floor for Michel and Saartje to sleep at night. They put down a mattress and blankets. It was accessed by a wooden trap door concealed by a rug and the kitchen table. In September 1944, the southern Netherlands was liberated, but the northern region, which included Ermelo, remained occupied. On April 18, 1945, British, Irish, and Canadian troops liberated Ermelo. Aaltje and Paul did not learn Michel and Saartje’s real names until after the war. The couple stayed with them for a few months, then reunited with their daughter and returned to Amsterdam. Seventy of Michel and Saartje’s relatives, many Dutch citizens, perished in concentration camps. They had a son, Harry, after the war. The two families stayed in close contact. In 1957, the Paulus family emigrated to the United States. Saartje passed away, age 64, on August 2, 1975. In 1987, Paul and Aaltje were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Michel passed away, age 96, on February 19, 2002.

The tie rack was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2010 by Paul B. Paulus, the son of Alice and Paul Paulus.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the family of Alice and Paul Paulus

Funding Note: The cataloging of this artifact has been supported by a grant from the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany.