Blue cross armband worn by a Jewish Russian nurse caring for refugee children
Extent and Medium
overall: Height: 3.375 inches (8.573 cm) | Width: 6.125 inches (15.558 cm)
Creator(s)
- Menia Awret-Back (Subject)
Biographical History
Menia Awret was born on October 15, 1906, in Odessa, Russia (Ukraine), to Jacob and Golda Davidovitz Awret. Jacob was born in Belogorodka in 1870. Golda was born in Kichinew on March 15, 1874. Menia had a younger brother, Charles. Odessa had long been the site of vicious anti-Jewish pogroms. One took place the year Menia was born and, not long after, the family moved to Łódź, Poland, to live with her paternal uncle. Menia trained as a nurse and, from 1926-1930, worked in the Hospital Poznanski in Łódź. In 1930, her brother Charles decided to attend school in Gand, Belgium. The entire family immigrated there as well and settled in the Forest region. Menia married Isaac (Isi)) Back (d. 1968), a Lithuanian engineer, on January 8, 1938. Menia specialized in infant care and worked as a visiting nurse for the Belgium Red Cross, travelling around her region via ambulance. After Belgium was conquered by Germany in May 1940, she worked primarily for L’Ouevre Nationale L’Enfance, as Jews were segregated from the general population and could not use the same medical facilities as non-Jews. In summer 1940, the German began deporting non-Belgian Jews. Her work certificate had to be renewed every year by the German authorities and the agencies she worked with submitted testimonials of the urgent need for her services. The Swedish Consulate in Brussels wrote letters stating that she was a holder of a valid Russian passport and that they were placing Menia under their protection. In September 1940, Isaac joined a clandestine organization, Friends of the URSS (Friends of the Soviet Union). On June 22, 1941, he was arrested for anti-Nazi activity and imprisoned in a series of Belgian and French internment camps. The war ended in May 1945. Isaac and Menia were reunited that summer. They had a son in December 1946. Menia was honored by the Belgium government for her work with Jewish refugee children and her wartime service.
Archival History
The blue cross armband was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2007 by Serge Back, the son of Menia Arwet-Back.
Acquisition
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of Serge Back
Scope and Content
Blue cross armband worn by Menia Awret-Back, while working as a nurse for Jewish refugee children during the war in Brussels. Belgium was occupied by Germany in May 1940. Restrictions were placed on Jews to exclude them from society. Jewish children and expectant mothers were not allowed to be treated in existing facilities. Menia, as a Jewish nurse, had to wear an armband with a blue cross in place of the usual red cross. Since 1938, Menia had worked for L'Ouevre Nationale de L'Enfance [National Children's Aid] and the Belgium Red Cross, which now established and staffed special treatment centers for Jewish patients. In summer 1940, the German began deporting non-Belgian Jews, which put Menia at risk because she held a Russian passport. The charitable agencies for which she worked successfully requested that she be allowed to remain because of the importance of her work. The Swedish Consulate wrote letters stating that she was a holder of a valid Russian passport and that they were placing her under their protection. Menia's husband Isaac was arrested and jailed for anti-Nazi activity in 1941. He and Menia were reunited after the war ended in May 1945.
Conditions Governing Access
No restrictions on access
Conditions Governing Reproduction
No restrictions on use
Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements
Rectangular white cloth armband with the short ends sewn together to form a loop. A blue cross is printed on one side, and French text is stamped across the top. There is a circular stamp in blue ink with a Nazi insignia of an eagle with outspread wings holdng a swastika in its talons in the lower left corner.
top edge, stamped, blue ink : KRANKENSCHWESTOR INFIRMIERE [NURSE NURSE]
Subjects
- Jewish children--Medical care--Belgium.
- Jewish women in the Holocaust--Belgium.
- Nurses--Belgium.
- World War, 1939-1945--War work--Red Cross.
- Belgium--History--German occupation, 1940-1945.
- Jewish nurses--Belgium.
- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Belgium--Brussels.
- World War, 1939-1945--Civilian relief--Belgium.
Genre
- Object
- Identifying Artifacts